Large‐scale detection and quantification of harmful soil compaction in a post‐mining landscape using multi‐configuration electromagnetic induction

Fast and accurate large-scale localization quantification of harmfully compacted soils in recultivated post-mining landscapes are particular importance for mining companies the following farmers. The use heavy machinery during recultivation imposes soil stress can cause irreversible subsoil compaction limiting crop growth long term. To overcome or guide classical point-scale methods to determine compaction, fast covering large areas required. In our study, a field Garzweiler mine North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with known variability performance was intensively studied using non-invasive electromagnetic induction (EMI) electrode-based electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Additionally, bulk density, volumetric water content textures were analysed along two transects different levels. results showed that measured EMI apparent conductivity (ECa) highly correlated (R2 > .7 dates depths below 0.3 m) density. Finally, correlations established used predict harmful within field, whereby spatial probabilistic map zones developed. general, revealed feasibility derived ECa compaction. They be basis quick monitoring process implementation necessary melioration return well-structured good nutrient accessibility, rooting increased yields